De novo synthesis of pathogenic viruses: Ethical challenges
About
This project began with my interest in viruses and developed into an exploration of one of the more complicated questions in modern biology: what happens when we gain the ability to recreate pathogens ourselves? I researched the scientific possibilities and potential risks of using synthetic biology to reconstruct viral genomes, focusing particularly on questions of biosecurity, ethics, and responsible innovation. Rather than looking at synthetic biology as simply beneficial or dangerous, I wanted to understand the difficult balance between advancing scientific research and preventing its misuse. This project gave me an opportunity to combine my interest in biology with questions about ethics and the responsibilities that come with scientific discovery.
Abstract
In my essay, I explore the ethical and biosecurity concerns surrounding the de novo synthesis of pathogenic viruses through several case studies. I examine the 2002 reconstruction of poliovirus and how it demonstrated that an infectious virus could be recreated from a publicly available genetic sequence. I also discuss the synthesis of horsepox and the concern that similar techniques could potentially be applied to viruses such as smallpox, while considering the dual-use nature of this research and the need for oversight. Finally, I look at the re-emergence and evolution of monkeypox and how the appearance of new viral lineages adds another layer of uncertainty to pathogen research. Through these examples, I consider how scientific progress can be balanced with biosecurity, ethical responsibility, and effective government and scientific oversight.
Beyond Political Rivalry: A Historical Re-examination of the Su Shi–Wang Anshi Relationship in the Northern Song Dynasty
About
For this project, I explored the political and philosophical debate between Wang Anshi and Su Shi during the Northern Song Dynasty. I became interested in how two influential thinkers, while sharing a desire to strengthen society, developed fundamentally different views on government, human nature, and social responsibility. Through an analysis of their writings and historical context, I examined how their disagreements reflected broader questions about the role of reform and the limits of political change. The project allowed me to investigate the intersection of history, philosophy, and governance while considering how debates from the past continue to shape modern discussions about progress and public policy.
Abstract
This project is a historical research paper examining the intellectual and political conflict between Wang Anshi and Su Shi during the Song Dynasty. Drawing upon primary sources, historical scholarship, and philosophical analysis, the paper explores their competing approaches to reform and human welfare. By comparing their arguments and the historical circumstances surrounding them, the project seeks to understand how differing assumptions about society can lead to contrasting yet internally coherent visions of progress. The goal is to use this historical case study to better understand the relationship between political decision-making and social change.
